Monday, 4 July 2011

Approaches to analysing adverts

    i have had a look into some different approaches to analysing advertising, because i feel the obvious, camera, editing, sound and mis en scene analysis that is commonly used for media texts needs expanding on to fully analyse the different elements, and  understand how and why the advert is effective in its persuasiveness. I have found a list collated by Jib Fowles, in his book Advertising and popular culture, and in blue i have added notes to help me understand the approach.

    This list is very freely adapted from that of Jib Fowles (1996).
    • What exactly is being advertised?
    • Where and when did the ad appear? ( according to the reception theory, this is an external influence that affects the way a media text is received, because audiences in different times will respond to a text differently, and audiences in different places, viewing in different conditions will also respond to it differently. perhaps then inferring different meaning from the tet because of their circumstances)
    • Why might it have appeared there and then rather than elsewhere?
    • What appears to be the intended audience?
    • What suggests this?
    • In what ways does it utilize features of the particular medium used (poster, television, film, radio or magazine)?
    • What graphic mode(s) is/are used (e.g. still photography, drawing, animation, live action)?
    • Describe the overall design.
    • Where is it set in space and time? 
    • Who are the participants?
    • What do they do?
    • What key objects are featured?
    • What part is played by words (choice of words, typography/voiceover)?
    • What part is played by the use of sound and/or light?
    • Which features are foregrounded and which are backgrounded?
    • What significance might all of these features have for the intended viewers/readers/listeners?
    • What key inferences must the viewers/readers/listeners make to make sense of the ad? ( key inferences are elements in the text that help the reader comprehend it, but are not explicit in the text, these could be time, place, actions of characters. These create meaning in an advert, but are subjective, so key inferences are based on previous knowledge and personal interpretation of the text )
    • What intertextual references can you discern (to other ads, to other genres, to other people etc.)? ( intertextual references definition: Relating to or deriving meaning from the interdependent ways in which texts stand in relation to each other. This roughly means the way meaning is created and affected by other external factors, like other texts, politics, current news, that will change the way a text is interpreted. This relates to reception theory, which states that for a text to have meaning, other external influences will change it )
    • How else does the ad seek your involvement?
    • With what is the product associated?
    • What does the product seem to symbolize? ( this is relating to semiotics and symbolism, what the signifiers are and what they signify, and how this adds to the creation of meaning)
    • What does the ad seem to suggest about gender roles, class/status, age, ethnicity or self-identity?
    • What cultural assumptions and values seem to be involved?
    • What use is made of humour, and to what effect?
    • What do you regard as the most likely preferred interpretation offered in the ad? ( this also relates to many theories of interpretation, that audiences will have differing interpretations depending on their circumstances. this question could be approached using different theories)
    • What scope does there seem to be for alternative interpretations?
    This seems to be a good framework for my analysis, as it includes simple anaylsis, together with some semiotic analysis and further analysing with a multitude of questions that look at different aspects. I also think this list has been carefully collated by a trusted source who has experience in advertising. I am going to use it, whilst adding to it, and making notes on anything i find interesting or want to investigate further about the advert. 

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